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Learning Styles

A Charlotte Mason Education

The PNEU school that i attended as a child was built on the principles of Charlotte Mason, a Victorian who studied and practised the education of children throughout her life. Not that I knew this at the time, I simply knew I was in a place where my interests were valid, where there was time for me to follow a project, read faster than some, learn my tables slower than others, do country dancing, nature study, poetry and story writing alongside history, maths and and bible study.

It would be fair to say that the lessons I knew were considered important at my PNEU are the ones I think of as being important as we start our home education experience. For my own reasons, I can see the value of my children unlocking the secret of reading early on, I can see that knowing my tables backwards, forwards and inside out has been vital in my ability to quickly compute numbers in everyday life and be able to appear bright and able at times it is necessary. There are parts of the CM method which I wish had continued to be so simple and faithful in my life; growing up through senior school I missed the unblinking bible study that had been a part of my life, it left a hole I was unable to fill. There is a value in knowing well the details of a subject that fascinates you; these are the things you remember and make you be remembered. There is a value is understanding the world from your own perspective first, before you try to encompass other peoples’ views. There was value in the emphasis in neatness and method that they aimed to teach us, even if it never quite became part of me.

Most of all, my PNEU taught me how to learn and discover, a far greater skill than many of the facts I rote learned later on in senior school, which I have never used again. PNEU taught me history as fascinating people stories, exciting, mind grabbing adventures that I wanted to know, not lists of acts so dry and dull, dictated at high speed; PNEU taught me science in a tiny classroom by a teacher who remembered each week that I loved to collect the chemical symbols of each substance we used, she had them for just me, each week, to copy into the back of my science book.What a shame my senior school, with its emphasis on results, taught me I was no good at science and flushed out my creativity with an endless onslaught of resented essays. PNEU taught me to write stories for joy, while my senior school made me rewrite a huge, carefully constructed diary I had loving constructed over a weekend because I had not written on the top line of my exercise book. PNEU taught me that it was good to want to go quietly to the library and hunt for fiction that would really grab me, it taught me that to decide to do nature study, not on England’s wildlife but on that of South America, because I liked the colours, was fine. I went on weekly walks that included saying hello to Henry the swan, served dinner to my peers and learned the responsibility of being head of the table. I played daisy chains with the nursery babies, and probably got the bug for being a mother on their little lawn, I dug dens in the rough ground and discovered a leaf stays green and soft longer under earth than over it. I remember the odd satisfaction of writing practice, copying long strings of patterns and letters, maths with Cuisenaire rods and I wrote a years worth of short stories about two small mice and was never told to move on to something “more worthwhile”. These were educators who knew the value of an individuals rhythm in education.

It would be wrong to describe it as simply an idyll, I was badly bullied while I was there and it made me a person who could be bullied until long into adulthood, but as an education, I wish in retrospect that I could have continued in that vein for longer. It is the good in the time we had to explore and expand every opportunity that I want to give my children. I want them to have the chance to rest in one spot until they can move on from it, not move with a pace that suits few and harms some. Senior education seems to have been a rush of disjointed experiences for me, despite being taught by clever, motivated people in a place that few would fault. It is sad to have few recollections of topics I loved from 11 onwards and most of the things I did love were not considered worthwhile. It seems to me possible that a child of mine who became fascinated by embroidery through the ages might learn more history than one hastened through a constructed chapter in a school book designed to teach facts to the least interested. In fact, it is that very thought which, as we come to the start of our first “official” home educated year, drives me back to the arms of my Charlotte Mason junior school. The best education searched out and bought for me by my parents was not the one that resulted in much vaunted A levels, it was the place they carefully found for me that “taught” me little more than how to be me and so gave me the opportunity to have everything.

Charlotte Mason Links

My junior school was a Charlotte Mason PNEU School in Nottingham, England. Educationally they were undoubtedly the best years I had. Alongside Montessori, CM methods seem to suit home education the best for me, both child-centred but with a thread of structure in some ways that satisfies my need to feel we are “doing something”. That said, a child shown CM/Montessori in early years would probably be perfectly suited to being self led in later years… it seems extremely liberating in ideology. Here are some sites that have been interesting to me; its been an amazing enlightenment to read about the reasons behind all those things i did as a child… and lovely to recall them.

I’m currently working my way through these and will do “six of the best” when i have finished – I’ll probably sort some articles into the main CM categories as well. Most of the CM interest seems to be U.S. based, I’m going to have to find out if it’s popular in the UK too!

My experience of a PNEU education is also available.

Updated 2015: Links you may find useful

Simply Charlotte Mason – up to date and comprehensive.

A-Z of Homeschooling – a set of links to articles/essays

Home School Information – lots of resources and help on CM methods.

Ambleside Online – possibly the best known CM site and a free online curriculum and support group.

The Well Trained Mind – classical education meets CM.

Article: What drew me to a CM education – personal analysis and understanding of CM in action.

In depth discussion of the Principles of Charlotte Mason Education.

Montessori Quotes

Quotes from written and spoken word of this great advocate of positive education bringing world peace. With thanks to Tula for collating and researching them.

Quotes on Peace

Averting war is the work of politicians; establishing peace is the work of education.

It is the child who makes the man, and no man exists who was not made by the child he once was.

Grown ups and children must join their forces. In order to become great, the grown up must be humble & learn from the child.

It is not the child as a physical but as a psychic being that can provide a strong impetus to the betterment of mankind.

If salvation and help are to come, it is from the child, for the child is the constructor of man and so of society. The child is endowed with an inner power which can guide us to a more enlightened future.

Not in the service of any political or social creed should the teacher work, but in the service of the complete human being, able to exercise in freedom a self-disciplined will and judgement, unperverted by prejudice and undistorted by fear.

The child passes little by little from the unconscious to the conscious, trading always in the paths of joy & love.

It is the spirit of the child that can determine the course of human progress and lead it perhaps even to a higher form of civilisation.

If help and salvation are to come, they can only come from the children, for the children are the makers of men.

We shall walk together on this path of life, for all things are part of the universe, and are connected with each other to form one whole unity.

Other Quotes

No one can be free unless he is independent.

An individual is disciplined when he is the master of himself.

It is the child who is active, and not the teacher.

To develop a language from nothing needs a different type of mentality. The child has this. His intelligence is not of the same kind as ours.

Character formation cannot be taught. It comes from experience and not from explanation.

The first duty of the educator, whether he is involved with the new-born infant or the older child, is to recognise the human personality of the young being and respect it.

The essential thing is for the task to arouse such an interest that it engages the child’s whole personality.

Inner forces affect his choice, and if someone usurps the function of this guide, the child is prevented from developing either his will or his concentration.

The training…..of the senses has the obvious advantage of enlarging the field of perception and offering an ever more solid foundation for intellectual growth.

The children must be free to express themselves and thus reveal those needs and attitudes which would otherwise remain hidden or repressed in an environment that did not permit them to act spontaneously.

The adult ought never to mould the child after himself, but should leave him alone and work always from the deepest comprehension of the child himself.

Character formation cannot be taught. It comes from experience and not from explanation.

The hands are the instruments of man’s intelligence.

The human hand allows the mind to reveal itself.

Do not erase the designs the child makes in the soft wax of his inner life.

Our goal is not so much the imparting of knowledge as the unveiling and developing of spiritual energy.

If men of the future are to be strong, they must be independent and free.

The child is much more spiritually elevated than is usually supposed. He often suffers, not from too much work, but from work that is unworthy of him.

A man is not what he is because of the teachers he has had, but because of what he has done.

Montessori Solar System


Space Links

All of this page comes directly from my very good friend, and MuddlePuddle member, Tula. She is Montessori trained and experienced and what follows is a fantastic space project she put together and would suit a range of ages. I hope you enjoy it all. Huge thanks to Tula for her time and effort and allowing me to publish it.

Maths
Counting backwards from 10 “10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,BLAST OFF!”

Investigate Zero – Play the ‘Zero Game’….Ask the child to bring you a set number of objects, e.g. 3 cars, then ask again, e.g. 6 crayons. Eventually ask for zero objects…the child may laugh or be confused & you can play it up as much as you & the child like…the end result is that it is a ‘trick’ as zero means ‘nothing’! (Most children love this sort of joke game especially as they can play it back on you!)

Make dot to dot puzzles in the shape of simple constellations. Older children can map out the night sky, using constellations. Use of a ruler can be employed here, either for measuring or simply drawing a straight line.

Can you design a game together? Perhaps it is a race across the galaxy past all of the planets or a trip around your favourite stars…don’t forget to add little bits like ‘roll again’ and ‘miss a go’.

Discuss ‘circles’. Draw them, using plates of various sizes, compasses for older children. Examine size, in relation to others, ‘large’ ‘larger’ ‘the largest’. Older children introduce concept of diameter, circumference & radius.

Language

Way to remember the order of the planets in our Solar System: ‘My Very Easy Method Just Start Understanding Nine Planets’ with each capital letter representing ‘Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto’.

LOTS of new vocabulary to explore…not just the planet names but ‘galaxy’, ‘universe’, ‘milky way’, ‘constellation’, ‘asteroid belt’, etc,etc,etc!!

We made a book of the planets on black card with cut out pictures of the planets in order. All of the writing was in silver and gold pens, which the children loved. The effect was stunning. The younger child can perhaps write over pencil words, or dots, whilst the older ones can add more information as they discover it.

There are so many great books available; especially recommended are any by Dorling Kindersley. The local library should have a good supply of Space books suitable for all ages. (Try not to underestimate what your child will like – my son was engrossed in the complex non-fiction books long before he could read & it is amazing how much he has retained due to interest)

Science

Raid the library for great ideas, as well as the sites listed at the end. We made balloon rockets out of tissue paper, decorated with shiny stickers. Take a long balloon & inflate & tie up. Wrap tissue paper around it & stick with celotape – DO NOT ATTACH TO BALLOON! Add other features as desired, e.g. a pointy front for the rocket (technical terms of course!!), windows,etc. Then POP the balloon. Add some torn tissue streamers to the rear of the rocket. Attach a drinking straw to one side of the rocket & thread with a long length of string. (We made ours long enough to go through the kitchen, dining room & into the living room!) Inflate another long balloon but do not tie up…insert this into the rear of the ‘rocket’ and countdown…54321 BLAST OFF! The air pushes the tissue paper rocket along the string – We had loads of fun with this & measured how far we could get it to go, how many puffs it needed to get to the end, etc,etc.

Banana Rockets – you need:Bowl, bananas, chocolate, lolly sticks, sugar strands or chocolate sprinkles, a freezer. Cut the bananas in half and push the lolly sticks into the end. Put into the freezer for 2 hours. Melt some chocolate in a bowl & dip the frozen bananas in at one end & then dip into the sprinkles………YUM!

Investigate gravity with some simple experiments (can be extended for older or more able children) E.g. Which will hit the ground first? A leaf or twig? A feather or chicken bone? A 50p or a £5? A flat or crumpled piece of paper? Can you guess before you try?

Make a rope plan of the Solar System: Mercury: a knot at 2 feet, Venus:knot at 3 ¾ feet, Earth: knot at 5 ¼ feet, Mars: knot at 8 feet, Jupiter: knot at 27 ½ feet, Saturn: knot at 50 ½ feet, Uranus: knot at 101 ¼ feet, Neptune: knot at 159 feet, Pluto : knot at 210 ¼ feet. (Yes I know it is a LOT of rope but beautifully clear & simple for a child to understand) If you have enough children this rope can be held on to at one end (the Sun) whilst the others make a circle around the outside – a child holding each planet. Younger children can use balls to represent the Earth’s rotation of the Sun & the Moon’s rotation of the Earth. Be creative!!

There are so many wondrous facts to learn about the Solar System These can be made into crosswords or word puzzles (use Internet sites e.g. puzzlemaker) How many moons does Earth have? Saturn? Mars? It’s amazing to think of seeing 2 or more moons in the sky!

Art

We made junk model rockets, covered them in pva glue & tissue, painted & decorated them. Use air drying clay or play doh to make ‘Moon Footprints’ in. (The footprints made by men walking on the moon will always remain as there is no wind or weather to blow them away). We trod on the clay in our boots and trainers, leaving beautiful prints, then painted them silver when they were hard.

Make a mobile of the planets in the solar system. Cross two sticks together & suspend the planets beneath. We painted numerous rockets/ spaceships/ planets etc, etc. Sainsbury’s sell space shaped pasta. We placed it onto black card and sprayed it with silver. When the pasta was removed it left eerie space shape stencils. These shapes can also be used as collage.

Music

Twinkle Twinkle (of course!)

The Planet Song

    • (sung to the tune of The Farmer’s in the Dell)
      • >”The family of the sun,
      • The family of the sun
      • There are nine planets in the family of the sun.”
      • “Mercury is hot & Mercury is small
      • Mercury has no atmosphere
      • It’s just a rocky ball.”
      • “Venus has thick clouds
      • That hide what is below
      • The air is foul the ground is hot and it rotates very slow”
      • “We love the Earth our home,
      • It’s oceans & it’s trees
      • We eat its food we breathe it’s air, so no pollution please “
      • “Mars is very red,
      • It’s also dry & cold
      • Some day man might visit Mars if he is very bold”
      • “Great Jupiter is big,
      • We’ve studied it a lot
      • We’ve found that it has 16 moons and a big red spot!”
      • “Saturn has great rings,
      • We wondered what they were
      • Now we know they’re icy rocks, which we saw as a blur.”
      • “Uranus & Neptune,
      • We don’t know much about
      • Maybe you can study them & then we’ll all find out”
      • “Pluto’s last in line
      • It’s farthest from the Sun
      • It’s small and cold and icy too, to go there wouldn’t be fun.”
      • “The family of the Sun,
      • The family of the Sun
      • There are nine planets in the family of the Sun”
      • (N.B. NOT my lyrics!!)

Listen to The Planet Suite by Gustav Holst (can be used for movement too!)

Also the theme to Space Oddity or Thunderbirds or Starwars.

Montessori Zero Lesson

Contributed by Tula, with huge thanks for all her time and effort.

Whilst a young child is exploring the concepts of number and their value, they will inevitably encounter the ‘zero’ and question what it is exactly. “What is ‘zero’?” they may ask. “Nothing,” you reply, “Nothing is zero!”
How does the Montessori Method approach this curious mathematical moment? By playing ‘The Zero Game’. (See ‘Discovery of the Child‘ Maria Montessori p.269-270)

The Zero Game

The adult asks a child to come towards her ‘zero’ times. The child unsure of his task will inevitably go to her and be puzzled.
“But I asked you to come ‘zero’ times…Zero is nothing… you must stay quite still and do nothing!” she states.
“How can I come to you ‘zero’ times?” asks the still puzzled child.
“You must not move. You must not come even once. ‘Zero’ means no times at all!”

When the child begins to understand, the adult asks him to blow ‘zero kisses’. This time the child may sit still. With humour in her voice the adult asks again, imploring the child to blow ‘zero kisses’. Still the child blows nothing.

Now the adult may play teasing games with the child; “Why are you sitting still? I asked for zero kisses!” The child laughs at the joke played upon the foolish adult: “I did! I did! Zero means nothing. I sent you no kisses!”
“Thank you”, the adult replies and smiles. “Ah, I see, zero is nothing at all!”

In my experience as a Montessori Directress, I feel it is important not to make the child feel silly or dumb. I believe it was Montessori’s intention to make herself look the fool to the child in trying to ask the child to do something irrational whilst at the same time make him come to his own realisations about the ‘nothingness’ of zero.

The Spindle Box

This concept was first developed alongside the Montessori Spindle Box, a wooden box with ten compartments. This may be a complete unit with numbers from 0-9 written on the back of the box, or divided into two separate boxes, 0-4 and 5-9. The divided box makes the presentation simpler as only the numbers 0-4 need be introduced initially. There are 45 wooden spindles with a separate basket or box to keep them in.

Note: Montessori suggested using all sorts of objects to count with at this stage, “sticks, tiny cubes, counters”. Acorns, small fir cones, pencils etc are also ideal for this purpose.

For an explanation of how to use the Spindle Box, please look at:
Shu-Chen Jenny

Montessori herself advocated not directly teaching zero in the Spindle Box. She wrote: “We wait for the child to ask, pointing at the compartment for zero: “And what should I put in there?” We then answer: “Nothing, a 0 is a nothing” (‘Discovery of the Child’ p.268)

In this way the child learns to feel the zero, this ‘nothingness’, by playing a game with the adult. It helps if other number games are familiar to the child, especially those that count back towards zero.

Suggestions for number games to explore ‘zero’

Five little speckled frogs
Sat on a speckled log
Eating some most delicious bugs (Yum! Yum!)
One fell into the pool
Where it was nice & cool
Now there are four green speckled frogs. (Glub! Glub!)
Etc., etc……

Ten fat sausages, sizzling in a pan…
One went “Pop!” and another went “Bang!”
Eight fat sausages, sizzling in a pan…..
One went “Pop!” and another went “Bang!”
Six fat sausages, sizzling in a pan…..
One went “Pop!” and another went “Bang!”
Etc., etc……..

Ten green bottles, hanging on a wall (x2)
And if one green bottle should accidentally fall……
There would be nine green bottles hanging on a wall.
Etc. etc…….

Five little ducks went out one day
Over the hills and far away.
Mother duck said “Quack, quack, quack, quack!”
But only four little ducks came back.
Etc., etc……

Ten in the bed and the little one said:
“Roll over! Roll over!”
So they all rolled over and one fell out…
There were nine in the bed and the little one said:
“Roll over! Roll over!”……
Etc., etc…….

Five currant buns in a Bakers shop
Big and round with a cherry on the top.
Along came (Alfie) with a penny one day….
He bought a currant bun and took it right away.
Four currant buns in a Bakers shop…….
Etc., etc….

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